“There are two lasting bequests we can give to our children: one is roots and the other is wings.”
HODDING CARTER
Dr. M. Venkata Ratnam holds a Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from Andhra University (2018), where his research focused on synthesizing magnesium oxide nanocomposites for adsorptive removal of dyes from wastewater. He completed his M.Tech in Mineral Process Engineering (2005) and B.Tech in Chemical Engineering (2002). His research expertise includes chemical process simulations, wastewater treatment, and nanotechnology. Dr. Ratnam has authored 38 research papers, including 32 in Scopus/Web of Science-indexed journals, and has contributed book chapters and conference papers. His recent research explores sustainable methods for wastewater treatment and the recycling of lithium-ion batteries, with a focus on biosorption, nanomaterials, and chemical leaching. Dr. Ratnam is an active reviewer for renowned journals.
Areas of Specialization:
Research Areas:
The research develops advanced adsorbents (nanocomposites), for efficient dye removal from industrial wastewater. The work focuses on enhancing adsorption performance using innovative materials.
The research addresses the sustainable recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries exploring chemical leaching strategies and cathode regeneration techniques to reduce environmental impact and promote resource recovery.
Dr. Nikita Rajpal earned her Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology (NIT) Jalandhar in 2021. Her research focused on wastewater treatment and bioremediation. She completed her M.Tech at Thapar University, Patiala in 2013, and her B.Tech at Amity University, Lucknow in 2011. With a deep expertise in greywater treatment, bioremediation, and sustainable practices, Dr. Rajpal has made significant contributions to environmental engineering.
Her doctoral research concentrated on the development of innovative solutions for kitchen wastewater treatment through microbial-fungal consortia. She employed advanced techniques such as Design of Experiments (DoE) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for process optimization, providing novel insights into wastewater treatment strategies. Dr. Rajpal has authored several research papers in SCI-indexed journals.
Dr. Rajpal is actively engaged in greywater treatment studies, particularly focusing on utilizing waste materials immobilized on advanced matrices for sustainable water purification. Her work aims to advance decentralized, eco-friendly water treatment systems that support resource recovery, waste minimization, and environmental sustainability. Dr. Rajpal also serves as a reviewer for leading journals.
Dr. Rajpal’s research on carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) addresses the pressing issue of climate change mitigation. Her work focuses on the development of advanced capture technologies, including solvents, solid sorbents, and membrane systems, to improve efficiency and reduce costs. Dr. Rajpal’s work offers scalable, sustainable, and economically viable solutions for reducing global carbon emissions.
Dr. P. MAGESAN, received his Ph.D. (2017) from College of Engineering Guindy Campus, Anna University, Chennai, completed his M.Phil., degree (2011) from Annamalai University, Chidambaram, M.Sc., (2008) from College of Engineering Guindy Campus, Anna University, Chennai and B.Sc., (2006) from Arignar Anna Govt. Arts College, Villupuram. He has published around 26 research articles and 1 Book chapter in reputed international journals such as Nature-Scientific Report, ACS, RSC Advances, Springer and Elsevier. His research interests are nano- biomaterial synthesis for food packaging applications, nanotechnology and photocatalytic studies.
He has received few awards:
His field of research is:
Synthesis of bionanocomposite films for active food packaging applications. Bionanocomposite films are innovative materials that combine natural biopolymers with nanomaterials to enhance the mechanical, barrier, and functional properties of food packaging. These films are biodegradable, eco-friendly, and can incorporate active agents for improved food preservation. Bionanocomposite films represent a significant advancement in sustainable, functional food packaging, addressing both environmental and food preservation challenges.
Dr. Swetha Madamala is a prominent researcher in pharmaceutical sciences with expertise in analytical chemistry, focusing on developing techniques for studying herbal medicines, pharmaceutical formulations, and their bioactive properties. She specializes in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Reverse Phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) for quality control and therapeutic evaluation. Her key contributions include phytochemical investigations and HPLC method development for plants like Gymnema sylvestre and Aegle marmelos with anti-cancer properties. She has also developed novel dissolution methods for anti-retroviral drugs and advanced drug delivery systems, including orodispersible tablets like Levocetirizine, enhancing drug stability and bioavailability. Dr. Swetha’s interdisciplinary work includes designing devices for chiral pharmaceutical intermediates, multi-spectral imaging catheters for cancer detection, and synthesizing Zn(II) complexes as potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. Her research bridges innovation and practical applications to address global health challenges.
Areas of Research Interest:
Dr. Preethi G is primarily focused on materials science, with an emphasis on the synthesis, characterization, and application of nanomaterials and composites. Her work covers a range of advanced materials, particularly metal oxides and ferrites, and their photocatalytic properties for environmental applications, such as dye degradation and pollutant removal.
Key Areas of Expertise:
Dr. Budigi Lokesh specializes in materials science, focusing on the synthesis, characterization, and application of advanced metal oxide and composite materials. His research encompasses key areas such as photocatalysis, environmental remediation, and energy storage. Notable contributions include the development of zinc titanates with enhanced structural and optical properties for use in electronic devices, photocatalysis, and light harvesting. He has conducted extensive research on eco-friendly photocatalytic materials, including n-SnO₂/p-CuFe₂O₄ composites and bioinspired ZrO₂ nanoparticles, which have applications in environmental pollution control and health-related fields. Dr. Lokesh has also advanced energy storage solutions through his work on LiCoO₂/CNTs@AlF₃ composites, demonstrating improved lithium storage capabilities. Additionally, his collaborative efforts have resulted in the creation of novel materials such as Sr-hardystonite for biomedical applications and strontium orthosilicate for energy storage. His research extends to environmental risk evaluations, including water quality assessments near proposed nuclear power sites. Dr. Lokesh has published research and continues to contribute toward innovative and cost-effective solutions for global challenges in sustainability and energy.
Areas of Research Interest:
Dr. P. Manikandan was born in Tirunelveli district, Tamilnadu, India. He completed his undergraduate degree (Aeronautical) in 2009 in Noorul Islam College of engineering, Tamilnadu, India and, post graduate degree (Computer Aided Design) in 2013 in Anna University, India. He elected as a student fellow member from Anna University, India for UGC-UKIERI Thematic Partnership research project with Plymouth University, United Kingdom (2013-2015). Through this UGC-UKIERI Thematic Partnership, he undergone three months visit to Plymouth University, UK and carried out the collaborative research work. From 2015 – 2016, he served as a anna centenary research fellow at Anna university, Chennai, India after that from 2016 to 2018 he served as a junior research fellow and from 2018 to 2021 he served as a senior research fellow under the UGC scheme of government of India. Currently he is working as an Assistant Professor, Aerospace Engineering, MVJCE, Bengaluru, India.
Research Interest:
He has 7 years research experience with high impact journals. His major research areas include Materials Engineering, Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Material Characterization, Metallurgical Engineering, Surface Engineering and Manufacturing Engineering. For his doctoral research work, He has done a collaborative work with International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials (ARCI), Hyderabad. He serves as a reviewer in Materials Characterization, Journal of Tribology and Journal of Nanomaterials. He published various research articles subjected to the surface engineering wear applications. His Google scholar citation reached 52 within the shorter duration of his research career. He is also a member of International Association of Engineers (IAENG).
Research Areas:
Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are a critical area of research due to their unique combination of properties that make them ideal for various high-performance applications. The research in this field is significant, MMCs consist of a metal matrix (such as aluminum, titanium, or magnesium) reinforced with a secondary material (such as ceramic, carbon fibers, or other metals). Research in MMCs is vital for advancing technology in industries requiring high-performance, lightweight, and durable materials. Continued exploration of fabrication methods, reinforcement materials, and property optimization will expand their applications.
The field of Powder Metallurgy (PM) is of significant research interest due to its unique capabilities and advantages in producing advanced materials and components. Powder Metallurgy involves fabricating materials or components by compacting powdered metals or metal alloys into a desired shape and then sintering them at high temperatures. Research in Powder Metallurgy is critical for advancing material science, manufacturing efficiency, and sustainability. It underpins innovations in various sectors, including automotive, aerospace, electronics, energy, and biomedical fields. The continuous evolution of PM techniques and materials promises significant contributions to the development of next-generation technologies.
Research in the field of Electrodeposition Coating (E-Coating) is of considerable importance due to its critical role in modern manufacturing and its applications across industries like automotive, electronics, aerospace, and construction. E-coating is an electrochemical process used to apply a uniform coating to metal or conductive surfaces, providing both aesthetic and protective benefits.
Dr. Preethi R K completed her B.Tech in Civil Engineering at the Bangalore Institute of Technology in 2010. She then pursued an M.Tech in Construction Technology from BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, graduating in 2013. In 2021, Dr. Preethi earned her Ph.D. in Civil Engineering, with a specialization in Structural Engineering, from the Indian Institute of Science. Her doctoral research focused on the use of Geopolymer technology in brick manufacturing.
With a strong background in academia and research, Dr. Preethi has published five research papers, in Q1 journals and five conference papers both national and international, mainly in the fields of geopolymer technology and special concretes incorporating recycled aggregates. Her research interests span the development of innovative concretes and building materials using recycled materials and geopolymers, as well as the evaluation of concrete structures’ performance under high-temperature conditions. Dr. Preethi’s contributions play a vital role in promoting sustainable construction practices and improving the resilience of structures.
AREARS OF RESEARCH:
Global warming has become a significant concern, primarily driven by the emission of greenhouse gases. CO2 alone contributes to approximately 65% of global warming. In India, cement production is estimated to account for 7.5% of total GHG emissions.
This approach not only reduces carbon emissions but also provides several environmental benefits, including decreased landfill waste, conservation of natural resources, and the utilization of industrial by-products like fly ash, GGBS, and rice husk ash.
Recycled concrete is a sustainable material derived from the processing and reuse of concrete debris generated by the construction, demolition, and renovation of structures, roadways, and other infrastructure projects. Ongoing research, including the use of supplementary cementitious materials and chemical treatments, is improving the strength and durability of recycled concrete, positioning it as a key element in sustainable construction practices and the shift toward a circular economy.
Dr. K. Arunkumar is currently working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, MVJ College of Engineering, Bangalore. He obtained his Doctoral degree (Ph.D.) in the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering from Anna University Chennai in 2021. He has obtained his Master of Engineering degree (with Distinction) in Engineering Design (2013) and a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Mechanical Engineering (2008) from Anna University. He has obtained funds from various funding agencies such as UGC minor Research scheme (2016-2017), and TNSCST in the Academic year, 2016-2017, and 2017-2018. He has published 2 Indian patent and 1 Australian Utility patent. He has about 6 years of industrial experience in 3 Corporate sector industries and 12 years of academic experience as a Senior Assistant Professor. He is a life member of the Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE) and The Robotic Society. He has published 20 research papers in International peer-reviewed (SCI) Journals such as Taylor and Francis, Wiley, Elsevier, Springer, SAGE, and Hindawi. He is the recognized Anna University supervisor to guide Ph. D scholars. He is a reviewer in various publications in Springer, Elsevier, Hindawi, IOP, ICE etc.
His research interests are Natural fiber hybrid composites, Advanced Machining of Hybrid Natural fiber composites, Surface Roughness, optimization, and Robotics.
Area of Research
Natural fiber hybrid composites
Natural fiber hybrid composites (NFHCs) are poised to play a significant role in the future of sustainable materials, driven by their eco-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, and lightweight properties. NFHCs are expected to find extensive applications in industries like automotive, aerospace, construction, and consumer goods, where environmental regulations and demand for green materials are intensifying. Their biodegradability and potential for end-of-life recycling further enhance their appeal in a circular economy.
Machining of Natural fiber hybrid composites
NFHCs require tailored approaches to address their unique challenges, such as fiber pull-out, delamination, and uneven tool wear caused by their heterogeneous structure. Optimizing machining parameters like cutting speed, feed rate, and tool geometry is crucial to achieve precision and minimize defects. Advanced machining techniques, such as laser cutting, ultrasonic machining, and cryogenic cooling, are being explored to enhance the performance and efficiency of NFHC processing. As NFHCs gain traction, research into machining innovations will play a critical role in realizing their full potential in high-performance applications.
Dr. Chanakyan C completed his Ph.D. (Full Time) in Mechanical Engineering from Anna University Chennai in 2021, in the field of Solid-State Joining Process. He completed his M.Tech., from Sastra Deemed to be University, Thanjavur in 2014. He completed his B.E. from Anna University Coimbatore, in 2011. He had research experience in the field of Advanced manufacturing, solid state joining process, micro machining, welding, composites, optimization and friction stir additive manufacturing. During his Ph.D., he conducted research on friction stir processing to improve the surface properties with addition of ceramic particulates with aluminium magnesium alloy. He has contributed research papers to more than 50+ international journals including 15 SCI, 40+ Scopus and 6 book chapters. He also published 2 utility patents, 1 granted patent with Australian Patent and 1 design patent. He has nearly 480+ citations, 15-Hindex in the google scholar. He worked as an Assistant Professor in various engineering colleges. Currently he is doing research in friction stir processing and friction stir additive manufacturing. He is a reviewer in various publications in Elsevier, IOP, Springer etc.
Friction Stir Additive Manufacturing (FSAM) and Friction Stir Processing (FSP)
FSAM is a process that uses frictional heat and mechanical stirring to deposit layers of material in a solid state, avoiding the melting phase. This method is particularly suited for metals and materials that are challenging to process using traditional additive manufacturing methods. Solid-State Process: Eliminates defects associated with melting and solidification, such as porosity, cracking, and segregation. Improved Properties: Produces components with superior mechanical and microstructural properties. Material Versatility: Compatible with a wide range of materials, including aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and high-performance alloys. Energy Efficiency: Requires less energy compared to conventional methods due to the absence of a melting phase.
FSP is a derivative process of FSW used to locally modify the microstructure of materials. It employs a rotating tool to stir and mix materials, enhancing their mechanical properties and performance. Microstructure Refinement: Produces a fine-grained structure, improving strength, ductility, and fatigue resistance. Surface Modification: Enhances surface properties such as hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. Homogenization: Distributes second-phase particles or reinforcements uniformly within the matrix.
Dr. Remashan Kariyadan earned his M.Tech. from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Bombay and Ph.D. from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras. Currently, he is a Professor in the Department of Electronics and communications Engineering at MVJ college of Engineering, Bangalore. He has made substantial contributions to the field of semiconductor devices, with nearly 30 papers published in reputed international journals and around 10 international conference papers.
Remashan Kariyadan has extensive international experience. He has worked at:
Remashan Kariyadan has worked on the following topics:
Research Interests:
Design, Simulation, Fabrication, Characterization and Modelling of
Dr. Asha Joseph is a distinguished academician and researcher, currently serving as the Professor & Dean of the Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) at MVJ College of Engineering, Bengaluru. With over two decades of experience in the field of Computer Science and Engineering, she has held several leadership roles, including Head of the Department of CSE and AIML at various institutions. Dr. Asha Joseph is also an Adjunct Research Fellow at James Cook University, Australia, focusing on Information Security.
Her academic credentials include a PhD in Digital Forensics from VIT, Vellore, along with an M.Tech from VTU, Karnataka, and a B.Tech from NIT Calicut. Dr. Asha Joseph’s research interests span Cyber Security, AI, Machine Learning, Digital Forensics, and Cryptography, with over 18 publications in international journals, numerous conference papers, and several book chapters. She has been granted a patent and is actively involved in research supervision, guiding students at universities like Visvesvaraya Technological University and APJ Abdul Kalam Technical University.
In addition to her academic work, Dr. Asha Joseph is a Senior Member of IEEE and holds several professional memberships. She has received multiple accolades, including the Academic Excellence Award 2023 and the Rashtriya Vidya Gaurav Puraskar for her contributions to education. Dr. Asha Joseph is also a sought-after speaker, reviewer, and session chair at international conferences and has mentored numerous professionals and researchers in her career.
Areas of Research:
Cyber Security & Cyber Law are critical areas of research that address the protection of digital systems and the legal frameworks governing the use of technology. Cyber Security focuses on safeguarding networks, devices, and data from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage, ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of information. This field encompasses various techniques, including encryption, intrusion detection, and risk management, to defend against evolving cyber threats such as hacking, malware, and data breaches.
Cyber Law, on the other hand, deals with the legal issues surrounding digital interactions, including data privacy, intellectual property, cybercrimes, and online contracts. It aims to establish legal standards and regulations to address the growing concerns of internet-based crimes and digital transactions. Research in Cyber Security & Cyber Law explores the intersection of technology and law, ensuring that cybersecurity measures are supported by robust legal frameworks to protect individuals, organizations, and governments in an increasingly connected world.
Operating System Security is a crucial area of research focused on protecting the core components of an operating system from various vulnerabilities and cyber threats. This field explores the development of robust access control mechanisms, ensuring that only authorized users or processes can access system resources. It also delves into enhancing kernel security, which manages communication between hardware and software, through techniques like kernel hardening and intrusion detection systems. Additionally, research in this area addresses the detection and prevention of malware, with methods such as virus scanners and behavior-based analysis to block malicious software targeting OS vulnerabilities.
Information Security research focuses on protecting data and information systems from unauthorized access, corruption, or theft. Key areas include data encryption, which ensures the confidentiality and integrity of information through advanced cryptographic techniques, and authentication and access control, which verifies user identity and restricts access to sensitive systems. Network security aims to safeguard communication networks from cyber threats like hacking and DoS attacks, while cloud security addresses the challenges of protecting data in cloud environments. Additionally, research in incident response and forensics helps organizations respond to and investigate security breaches, and cybersecurity policy and governance ensures compliance with legal standards and risk management practices. These areas collectively strengthen defenses against emerging threats in the digital landscape.
Water pollution, caused by the thoughtless disposal of chemicals, dyes, wastes, plastics and other organic pollutants, has severely affected the natural water resources, causing a significant threat to the availability of clean drinking water. Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) uses highly reactive species to destroy pollutants by creating hydroxyl radicals in the water. As a result, most organic compounds are oxidized to less harmful chemicals. Frequently used AOPs are photolysis, photo-Fenton, and photocatalysis, which create radicals using semiconductors and light energy.
Dr. M. Prathap Kumar is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry. His research areas are Semiconductor photocatalysis and Materials Science. Dr. Prathap completed his PhD from Central Leather Institute (CSIR-CLRI), Adyar, Chennai. He has published 10 papers in reputed international journals.
Water pollution, caused by the thoughtless disposal of chemicals, dyes, wastes, plastics and other organic pollutants, has severely affected the natural water resources, causing a significant threat to the availability of clean drinking water. Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) uses highly reactive species to destroy pollutants by creating hydroxyl radicals in the water. As a result, most organic compounds are oxidized to less harmful chemicals. Frequently used AOPs are photolysis, photo-Fenton, and photocatalysis, which create radicals using semiconductors and light energy.
Dr. D. Bharath completed his Ph.D., Physics from VIT University, Vellore in 2014, in the field of Thermal Nonlinear optics. He completed his Master of Philosophy in physics from Annamalai University in 2010. He completed his master’s from Periyar University, Salem in 2008 with specialization Crystallography. He had a research experience in the field of Photonics, Crystal growth and Material Science. He recognised as the best researcher in 2013-14 award in VIT University during his Ph.D., He has contributed significantly to the academic community with over 10 scientific research articles published in reputed journals and served as head of the department in various colleges. He designed the analytical technique Z-scan, Optical Limiting and Second Harmonic Generation in Crystal Research Centre (Now Centre for functional material) in VIT University. He is an expert in designing optical materials and analytical techniques using LASER for photonic application. Currently, he is working in under-water optical communication and Nano optical materials.
Crystal growth for nonlinear optical materials in photonic applications is a multidisciplinary field that involves materials science, crystallography, and optics. Advances in this area contribute significantly to the development of more efficient and versatile photonic devices. Exploring new materials with enhanced nonlinear properties and incorporating nanostructures for tailored optical responses. It supports the application of frequency conversion, Phase matching and optical parametric oscillation. This is particularly important for photonic applications where the control of light is essential.
LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) analytical techniques utilize laser technology for various analytical applications. Designing a LASER analytical technique involves considering the specific requirements of the analysis, the type of sample being studied, and the desired level of sensitivity and precision. The research is designing the analytical technique for solid sample.
Dr. Brindha Mohan is a consummate researcher and accomplished academician, with an impressive 17-year track record in the field of Education. She did her Masters degree at College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University. She is a Gold Medalist in her Postgraduate studies. With a Ph.D. in Networked Control System, Dr.Brindha Mohan has continuously demonstrated an exceptional expertise in curriculum development, classroom instruction and administration. Throughout her academic journey, she evinced a lot of passion and commitment that endowed on her, various leadership positions with increasing responsibilities – offices like Head of the Department, IQAC Coordinator, NAAC and NBA Coordinator and Vice Principal at MVJ College of Engineering, Bangalore.
She is certified by National Instruments as a LabVIEW Associate Developer. She has trained many faculty and students in LabVIEW. She has several papers to her credit, including Scopus and IEEE. Her research areas include Embedded Systems, Control Systems, Computer Networks, Distributed and Real time systems. She has attended a good number of FDPs, Workshops and Conferences, and organized more than 40 workshops/FDPs/Conferences.
A computer network is a network of diverse computing hardware linked through different communication technologies to share various resources. The communication links of the network can be either wired (cables) or wireless (radio waves / IR signals). The areas of research in Wireless Sensor Networks include the following:
The areas of research in Vehicular ad hoc Networks include the following:
Other areas in Wireless ad hoc Network are:
Embedded systems play a critical role in the design and implementation of practical real-world robotics and intelligent applications. The field of embedded systems focuses on how to develop fast, efficient, small, secure, reliable, and self-adaptive computing systems, covering both the hardware as well as the software aspects of the systems.
An embedded system is an application-specific computing system found inside products such as home appliances, mobile handheld personal systems, instrumentation, automobiles, aircraft, missiles, satellites, and nuclear power plants. Embedded systems are distinguished from general-purpose computing systems by their well-defined functionalities and stringent design constraints. Embedded systems encompass all the four fundamental operational capabilities required to interface with the world at large – sensing, computing, control, and communication – which can now be integrated with single-chip multiprocessors. The ability to combine operational capabilities in this way has opened new possibilities for application-specific computing.
Dr. Pradeep C completed his Bachelor of Science in 2002, with a specialization in Mathematics from Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya Arts and Science College. He completed his Master of Science from Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya Arts and Science College in 2004, with a specialization in Mathematics. Also, he completed his Master of Engineering from the College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University in 2009, with a specialization in Systems Engineering and Operations Research. He completed his Doctorate program in 2019 at Sri Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya Arts and Science College, Bharathiar University, specializing in Neural Networks. The title of his research thesis was ‘A Linear Matrix Inequality Approach To Dynamic Neural Networks With Time-Varying Delays’. His research focuses on developing novel algorithms for studying the stability and controlability of dynamic Neural Networks. His work has been published in numerous prestigious journals and presented at international conferences, contributing significantly to the advancement of Mathematics. He has worked in different areas of research like Image processing, Machine Learning, and Deep learning. He has published 10 SCI/SCIE/Scopus Papers in high-impact factor journals. He is a lifetime member of the British Science Association and the International Association of Engineers.
In recent years, the integration of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) technologies into healthcare has shown remarkable promise in transforming the landscape of medical diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. Machine learning and deep learning, subsets of artificial intelligence, have emerged as powerful tools in processing vast amounts of healthcare data. From medical imaging to predictive analytics, these technologies are revolutionizing how healthcare professionals approach diagnosis and treatment.
One of the notable contributions of ML and DL in healthcare is in medical imaging interpretation. Deep learning algorithms excel in tasks such as image recognition and segmentation, aiding in the early detection of diseases. Examples include the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for identifying anomalies in radiological images, improving the accuracy and efficiency of diagnostics.
ML models are increasingly being employed to analyze patient data, predict disease risk, and recommend preventive measures. By processing electronic health records, genetic information, and lifestyle data, predictive models can identify patterns and provide personalized health recommendations. This proactive approach holds the potential to significantly reduce the burden of chronic diseases.
In pharmaceutical research, ML and DL contribute to the acceleration of drug discovery processes. Predictive modeling aids in identifying potential drug candidates, optimizing clinical trial designs, and predicting patient responses to specific treatments. These advancements streamline the drug development pipeline, leading to faster and more cost-effective solutions.
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=jk9_oa8AAAAJ&hl=en
Dr. T. Daniel completed his Bachelor of Science in Physics in 2012 from V O Chidambaram College, Tamil Nadu with Distinction. He obtained his M.Sc. in Physics (2014) from Department of Physics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, and Ph.D. in Physics (2015-2021) from Department of Physics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tamil Nadu. Dr. Daniel’s research interests are in thin film solar photovoltaics, photo electrochemical cells, nanomaterials for energy storage and photocatalytic applications. On the other hand, Dr. T. Daniel is a recipient of the UGC- Basic Science Research Fellow (JRF & SRF) in the period 2015-2020. He has delivered talks in DST funded national seminars. Demonstrating a firm belief in interdisciplinary research, Dr. Daniel has contributed significantly to the scientific community with over 23 research articles (all are in SCI) published in esteemed journals such as Springer, Elsevier, Taylor & Francis, and Wiley. His h index is 6 and no. of citations- 116.
Thin film photovoltaics and Photoelectrochemical cells, Nanomaterials for energy storage and photocatalytic applications.
Thin films play a vital role in materials science because it has various applications in solar power harvesting, photoelectrochemical cells, sensors (IR, Bio and optical, etc). Advances in this area contribute significantly to the development of more efficient and versatile solar cells devices. Exploring new materials with enhanced photovoltaic properties and incorporating nanostructures for various sensor responses.
Nanomaterials, with their unique properties at the nanoscale, hold significant promise for developing efficient and sustainable solutions in these areas. This section of the research profile delves into the exciting world of nanomaterials and their applications in both energy storage and photocatalysis.
Dr. I. Hameem Shanavas is Professor, and currently the Head of the ECE Department, MVJCE,Bangalore. He completed his Bachelor’s degree in Electronics and Communication (2006), Masters in VLSI Design (2008), Masters in Business Administration (2009) and PhD (2015) from Anna University, Chennai. The title of his Research thesis was ‘Design and development of optimal solution for VLSI physical design automation’. He has published in 40 journals and attended 30 National and International Conferences.
Research in this domain focuses on the development of processors for applications that require very high processing speed as well as their implementation onto VLSI. Design methodologies are developed that include novel number systems and allow the parallel processing of signals at the word level and the digit level. Research is conducted in VLSI circuits and computer-aided design, building blocks for new circuit technology, integrated circuit testing and fault diagnosis, digital signal processing, computer-aided synthesis, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and design of low-power circuits.
Dr. M. Thilagaraj completed his Bachelor of Engineering, with specialization in Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering,fromKamaraj College of Engineering and Technology, Madurai Kamaraj University,in 2003, with a First Class. He cleared the GATE exam in 2008. He then pursued his Masters in 2010, from GuindyCollege of Engineering – Anna University, Chennai, with specialization in Industrial Engineering, through a stipend and scholarship. He registered for his Ph.D program in 2014 at Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education and got his doctorate, specializing in Instrumentation and Control Engineering during in 2020. The title of hisresearch thesis was ‘EEG signal classification using soft computing techniques, for epilepsy and alcoholism’. He has worked in different areas of research like Image processing, Vehicle routing problem, Signal processing and classification, Brain compute interface. He has published 18 SCI Papers in high impact factor journals. He has published all his review papers and project work in 13 Scopus Indexed journals. He is a lifetime member of ISTE. He has published 3 patents in his research areas.
‘Connecting the Unconnected’ through the world of Internet being the main goal of IOT, it has made a huge impact in today’s world. Anytime, Anywhere, Anything – IoT has captured every aspect of human life with vast scope for research as well as challenges, in the near future. As it is connected to the human environment, the major research areas can be in every field such as smart city, smart agriculture, medical field, healthcare, home automation and Industry 4.0.
A computer network is a network of diverse computing hardware linked through different communication technologies to share various resources. The communication links of the network can be either wired (cables) or wireless (radio waves / IR signals). The areas of research in Wireless Sensor Networks include the following:
The areas of research in Vehicular ad hoc Networks include the following:
Other areas in Wireless ad hoc Network are:
Signal Processing is the technique in which real-world analog signals are interpreted, using digital software and algorithms. The research area of Communications and Signal Processing is dedicated to addressing the challenges associated with the efficient processing and transmission of data. This research encompasses various sources of data, such as sound, images and sensor output signals.
Objectives of Signal Processing Applications:
The key research domains, with some examples:
Entropy is a scientific concept as well as a measurable physical property that is most associated with a state of disorder, randomness or uncertainty. It measures the degree of disorder and uncertainty in the system.
By using the Tsalis Entropy, we can study and assess the recommended EEG abnormalities through a detection approach using diverse cases, and study the classification of different EEG features and abstraction methodologies. From the features extracted with the different classifiers available, the signal can be classified by different methodologies. The various entropies available for extraction of features are Shannon entropy and Tsalis Entropy. The measure of the uncertainty of occurrence of certain EEG signals, with partial information about the system, can be analysed by using the different entropies.
Dr. U. Naveenakumara completed his Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) in 2010, with a specialization in Physics , Mathematics, Computer science (PMCs) from Kottureshwara college, Kottur, Karanataka. He completed his Bachelor of Education (B.Ed) from T.M.A.E.Society’s College of Education, Harapanahalli, Karnataka in 2012. He completed his Master of Science (M.Sc) from Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University (P.G Center Nandhiihalli ) in 2014, with a specialization in Mathematics. He completed his Doctorate program in 2021 at Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Ballari, Karnataka, specializing in Wavelets. The title of his research thesis was ‘Wavelet Theory for Signal and Image Processing’. His research focuses on Wavelet Analysis and its Application. His work has been published in numerous prestigious journals and presented at international conferences, contributing significantly to the advancement of computational mathematics. He has worked in different areas of research like signal processing, image processing. He has published paper(s): 01 Scopus and 03 in UGC-CARE List Group II in journals.
Image Processing (IP) is a computer technology applied to images that helps us process, analyze and extract useful information from them. Advancements in image processing technology are enabling its use for increasingly widespread applications. In medical imaging, there is an increased usage of digital devices in healthcare services for the last few decades because of the advancements made in the medical field. The most appropriate method that is used for the enhancement of security and authentication of medical data is medical image watermarking, which is crucial and used for further diagnosis and reference. Medical image watermarking techniques for the protection and authentication of medical data using hybrid transforms. To develops innovative algorithms in the field of medical imageing using wavelets that is reliable and user friendly.
Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that uses artificial neural networks to learn from data. The process involves feeding a large dataset of images into the network and training it to recognize specific features. Applications of deep learning image processing include image recognition, object detection, image segmentation, and image restoration. To explore deep learning image processing and its potential to revolutionize the future of visual intelligence.
Fluid (Heat and Mass transfer) problems are of critical importance in almost all areas of engineering and technology, especially in mechanical engineering. Over several decades, engineers and scientists have been working on solving these problems by designing and optimizing components and systems needed to transfer, handle, and store thermal energy. Heat transfer problems occur in the form of highly nonlinear differential equations. Moreover, this study says that the wavelet theory will act as a tool to study fluid problems. Also, this method can apply to higher-order equations with slight modifications. This method can be treated as a domain method.
Google Scholar: https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=hj-6hSAAAAAJ&hl=en
Dr. Reshmi Varma obtained M.Sc in Physics (2009) from Govt. college Madappalli (Calicut University) and Doctoral degree in physics (2011-2017) from Indian Institute of Science Education and research Thiruvananthapuram (IISERTVM). Dr. Reshmi’s PhD thesis work was on the small molecule based solar cells and application of plasmonic materials in organic solar cells. Dr. Reshmi’s research interests are in the area of Organic solar cells, Hybrid organic inorganic Perovskite solar cells, Applications of Plasmonic materials in organic electronic devices, and 2D materials, mostly looking at the physics of these systems.
Organic solar cells, a type of third-generation solar cell, utilize organic materials as light-absorbing materials. These cells have garnered significant attention due to the abundance and tunability of materials, as well as their compatibility with flexible substrates. Efficiencies of up to 17% have been achieved through improvements in device architecture, materials engineering, and solvent techniques. However, enhancing environmental stability alongside power conversion efficiency remains a key challenge. Dr. Reshmi’s research focuses on understanding the device physics to uncover efficiency-limiting factors and optimizing interfacial layers to control recombination mechanisms.
Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells are attracting considerable interest due to their excellent photovoltaic properties. Perovskite materials exhibit high absorption coefficients, mobility, and diffusion lengths, making them promising candidates for solar cell applications. The efficiency of Perovskite solar cells has increased from 3% to 25%, but stability remains a critical issue for industrialization. Dr. Reshmi’s work aims to develop non-toxic, sustainable solar cells with high efficiency and stability. Also, Plasmonic materials will be used to enhance absorption and improve the electrical properties of perovskite solar cells.
Dr. Sathish Sugumaran obtained his Doctoral of Philosophy (Ph. D) in Physics from Bharathiar University at Coimbatore. His research interests are the preparation and characterization of nano particles, thin films, composites and hybrid materials for Electronic, Opto-Electronic, Photocatalysis, Sensors and Biomedical Applications. During his doctoral research, he was awarded the prestigious National Scholarship from Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund (JNMF), New Delhi. In 2008, he joined Anna University, Chennai, as a Project Assistant. In June 2014, he began working as Assistant Professor at SVS College of Engineering (affiliated to Anna University, Chennai). Subsequently, he got Post-Doctoral Fellowship (2015-2016) from the University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), and he joined as Post-Doctoral Researcher (2017-2018) in one of the world’s top QS Ranking University, the University of Tokyo, Japan. From 2018-2022, he worked as Assistant Professor in Physics (Contract/Guest) at the Central University of Tamil Nadu, India.
Dr. Sathish Sugumaran has received many awards and prizes like the District First Prize in Essay competition (2001), Best Poster Presentation Award (2008), JNMF Scholarship (2011-2012), Best Paper Presentation Award (2014), Excellence Award for Publications (2014-2015) and International Research Fellowships (2015 & 2017). He has published more than 40 articles in reputed International Journals (Elsevier, Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), Wiley, Springer, Taylor & Francis, American Scientific Publishers (ASP), and Trans Tech Publications). He has to his credit, 5 Book Chapters published by International Publishers, 10 papers published as conference proceedings in books bearing ISBN, and 60 papers presented at National/International Conferences. He is currently working as Associate Professor in Physics, at MVJ College of Engineering, Bangalore.
Research Field: Materials Science and Nanotechnology
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Finding a new material and tuning its properties are the fascinating research in materials science and nanotechnology. Many materials are commercially introduced for the electronic and opto-electronic device fabrications for day-to-day life applications but still it demands the suitable materials with better performance for the remarkable future devices. Advanced research development is needed for the tuneable material properties via green, chemical and physical methods in order to replace the existing materials for the futuristic transparent electronic and opto-electronic devices.
The revolution in sensor research activities in instrumentation demands the advancement in the new materials and its properties in order to safeguard from toxic gas exposure to human, environment and avoid the explosion and/or other dangerous accidents. But the demand is for the suitable material for the environmental control and safety purpose in sensors devices for human health concerns. A feasible developments through flexible thin film sensor device is anticipated for the multi target detections against toxic and non-toxic gases at low level concentrations. Further, research extension to be focused onto the fabrication of plasmonic nanobiosensors and smart sensors for the early stage cancer and virus biomarker detection and remote health monitoring for medical applications.
A recent prominent research aspects to find a suitable material to preserve the human health and environment. A major concern by the researchers for the remedy for air pollution and water pollution due to its adverse effects to environment and human health. Photocatalytic technology has shown a great potential to convert the harmful organic/inorganic/gases into harmless substances through degradation and detection of dyes/heavy metal in water and gaseous pollutants in air. The percent technology demands the suitable material with remarkable properties from the plasmonic assisted photocatalytic materials to achieve the better performance than existing materials for air pollution and water pollution control systems. Further, research extension to be focussed on to plasmonic photocatalysis for the hydrogen generation.
Dr. Shima Ramesh Maniyath received her B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Govt. College of Engineering, Kannur, Kerala, in the year 2009. She completed her Masters in ‘Embedded System’ from Amrita ViswaVidyapeedam, Bangalore, in 2011. She did her Ph.D. in ‘Information Security’ in 2021, from Vellore Institute of Technology. The title of her Research thesis was ‘Robust image encryption techniques for Information Security Applications’. Her research interests include Cryptography using Artificial Intelligence, Deep learning and Machine learning technologies in Information Security and Medical Image Processing using Deep Learning Technologies. She has published her research work in 5 International and 4 National journals, and at 5 International Conference proceedings. She is currently working as an Assistant Professor in MVJ College of Engineering, Bangalore. She brings with her 12 years of teaching experience. She was awarded the ‘INSC Young Researcher Award -2023’. She became a Member (M) of IEEE in 2016, and ISTE in 2022.
Pattern recognition is an essential part of Artificial Intelligence. It is the process of classifying data based on predefined patterns or features. It involves the use of algorithms and models to identify unique patterns in data, and then use those patterns to make predictions for new data. One of the most common applications of pattern recognition is in image recognition. Pattern recognition algorithms can be used to recognize objects in images. For example, a facial recognition system can be used to identify people in photographs or videos. Other applications include speech recognition, handwriting recognition and natural language processing.
Pattern recognition can be supervised or unsupervised. In supervised learning, the algorithm is trained on labelled data, which means that the desired output is provided for each input. In unsupervised learning, however, the algorithm must identify patterns on its own, with no prior knowledge of the desired output. There are several methods used in pattern recognition, including decision trees, neural networks, support vector machines and k-nearest neighbours. Each method has its strengths and weaknesses, and the choice of a particular method depends on the nature of the data and the application.
Networking is the backbone of the interconnected world, and cybersecurity is its guardian. Advances in biotechnology have made DNA manipulation and information processing ubiquitous. It is now an essential tool in many fields, including medicine, genomics, forensics and bioengineering. DNA technology increasingly resembles information technology: DNA, like any form of information, can be read (sequenced), written (synthesized), analysed (with bioinformatics utilities), and stored (in genetic databases). However, the increasing computerization of DNA technology, and biotechnology more generally, raises new bio-cyber security concerns. Vulnerabilities that are typically associated with traditional computer systems – like the processing of untrusted input, side-channel leaks, poor authentication, falsified data, and vulnerabilities in cyber-physical systems, now exist in biotechnology.
Prof. Kiran Babu T S is a distinguished researcher, and an academician with 15 years of experience. He holds a Ph.D. in ‘Computer Network Security and Blockchain’ (Computer Science) and is adept in curriculum development and classroom instruction. In the course of his academic journey, Prof. Kiran has held leadership positions at well-known institutes. He has also been invited as a Guest Speaker and Session Chair, at several national Conferences. He has filed 3 Indian patents. He has published over 18 research papers in reputed journals like Springer and IEEE.
Computer networking refers to interconnected computing devices that can exchange data and share resources with one another. These networked devices use a system of rules called communications protocols, to transmit information over physical or wireless technologies. Intrusion Detection System is one of the research areas in Computer Networks. Some of the most recent areas for computer networks are MANET, Wireless Sensor Networks and Delay Tolerant Networks. Computer networks are used in scientific research, to facilitate collaboration among researchers to share data and information.
Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting systems and networks from digital attacks which aim to access, change or destroy digital information, to extort either money or sensitive data. With increasing reliance on technology and data, it becomes absolutely necessary to reinforce security measures in order to protect digital data and transactions. Block chain is a shared, decentralized, and digital ledger that records transactions in the form of blocks. This ledger helps to store information transparently, due to its property of immutability and access to allowed members only. This approach reduces vulnerabilities, provides strong encryption, and verifies data ownership and integrity, more effectively. Hence, researchers and practitioners are mindful about the multiple applications of block chain, around areas like human resource, marketing, finance, supply chain etc.
Big Data refers to the collection of humongous datasets, such as the datasets within excel sheets, that are too large to enable easy handling. Data Mining refers to the analysis of large data chunks, for extracting relevant and useful information. Data mining is used to explore increasingly large databases and to improve market segmentation. By analysing the relationships between parameters, it is possible to guess their behaviour in order to direct personalised loyalty campaigns. Big data comes to the rescue, when researchers need to analyze large chunks of data. These big data tools also help in the segregation of data for better analysis.
An intelligent computer uses AI to think like a human and perform tasks on its own. Machine Learning is how a computer system develops its intelligence. One way to train a computer to mimic human reasoning is to use a neural network, which is a series of algorithms that are modelled after the human brain. The AI is a simulation of a machine’s natural intelligence that is actually programmed for communicating and learning human actions. The AI-enabled machines can perform human-like tasks, and technologies incorporating AI are continuing to grow. Machine Learning is the part of Artificial Intelligence that allows software applications to become more accurate at predicting outcomes without the need for being explicitly programmed. The Machine Learning algorithms utilize historical data as an input for predicting recent output values. Machine Learning is crucial, as it gives the enterprise a correct view of recent trends in business operation patterns and customer behaviour, and this supports the development of a new product.
Dr. Vijaya Kumar R is an accomplished researcher and respected academician, boasting of an impressive 14-year track record in education. APh.D. in ‘Composite Structures’ from VTU Belagavi,Dr. Vijay Kumar R brings to the table exceptional expertise in curriculum development and classroom instruction. Right through his academic journey, Dr. Vijay Kumar R has held various leadership positions. He has been a member of the Board of Examiners–VTU-Belagavi, as University Exam Coordinator. He has worked as a Project Assistant, playing a significant role in the development of cavity combustor, under Dr.Vidhyadhar Y Mudkavi–an outstanding Scientist in National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore.
Dr. Vijay Kumar R has contributed significantly to the academic community, with over 20 research papers published in esteemed journals and conferences such as Scopus Indexed, SCI, Springer &Elsevier. Notably, he hasbeen involved in the research for the development of PMC and MMC, specially for aerospace structures.His dedication to advancing knowledge and making valuable contributions to researchin the areas of Polymer Matrix Composites and Metal Matrix Composites, is particularly commendable. Under his guidance, one student is currently pursuing Ph.Dat the MVJ College of Engineering Research Centre, affiliated to VTU-Belagavi.
Dr. Santhosh N has a vast experience in Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Matrix Composites. He has hands-on research experience in stir casting and powder metallurgy of aluminium metal matrix composites. Conduct of tensile, compression and impact tests. He has published research articles in esteemed and reputed journals such as Journal of Nanomaterials, Energy, Materials, Polymer Composites etc. His current research deals with the synthesis and characterization of metal matrix composites for advanced aerospace applications. Till date he has published 63 Papers in various reputed Journals and conferences. His future research interests are to leverage his experience in manufacturing metal matrix composites for aerospace and automobile applications. He has received grant up to the tune of 5.3 Lakhs from various agencies till date. He is keen on guiding students to take up research activities on powder metallurgy and metal additive manufacturing.
Aluminium composites have gained significant research avenues in the marine, automotive and aerospace structures. It will fast replace monolithic metals and give better performance capabilities. This topic has potential scope for further research, especially with respect to corrosion, dynamic characterizations.
Dr. Rajesh Kumar P has a vast experience in cable mechanics and stress analysis. He has carried out research on cable bending and mechanics. His current research deals with the mathematical modeling and numerical studies of cable bending and stress analysis. Till date he has published more than 10 papers in various reputed Journals and conferences. His future research interests are to leverage his experience and guide students in cable mechanics and stress analysis. He is keen on guiding students to take up research activities on Constrained Bending Phenomenon of a Single Layered Cable Assembly and Characterization of the Stiffness of a single layered cable assembly over a sheave with internal friction.
Contact Mechanics and computational modeling have gained greater significance, especially to develop the new mathematic model to predict the cable failure to reduce the experimentations costs.
Dr. Basavaraju B is a distinguished Professor in the Department of Chemistry with an illustrious academic and professional trajectory. Holding a rich educational background, With a robust educational foundation he obtained his M.Sc in Industrial Chemistry from Kuvempu University in 1996, followed by an M.Tech in Industrial Pollution Control from NITK Surathkal in 2002, culminating in a Ph.D in Bio-inorganic Chemistry from Kuvempu University in 2007. Possessing over two decades of teaching & research experience, Dr. Basavaraju is a seasoned mentor committed to shaping the future generation of researchers. His research focus lies in the realm of natural fiber reinforced polymer composite materials, a field where he has made significant contributions. Dr. Basavaraju’s scholarly impact is evident through his extensive publication record, comprising over 50 research articles in esteemed national and international journals. Furthermore, his mentorship has guided five students to the successful completion of their Ph.D degrees. Notably, he has spearheaded a funded project worth 30.0 lakhs, supported by VGST, Department of IT, BT and Science & Technology, Government of Karnataka, showcasing his prowess in securing and executing research grants to advance scientific knowledge and innovation.
These composite materials represent a burgeoning area of research and development in the field of materials science and engineering. These composites leverage the inherent strength, lightweight, and eco-friendly characteristics of natural fibers such as jute, flax, hemp, bamboo, areca and sisal, which are embedded within a polymer matrix. The integration of natural fibers enhances the mechanical properties, including tensile strength, stiffness, and impact resistance, of the resulting composite materials. Additionally, they offer advantages such as reduced production costs, lower density, and biodegradability compared to traditional synthetic fiber composites. Furthermore, natural fiber reinforced polymer composites find application across diverse sectors including automotive, construction, aerospace, and packaging industries, where their sustainable nature aligns with the growing demand for eco-friendly materials. Ongoing research in this field focuses on optimizing fiber-matrix interactions, enhancing composite performance, and exploring novel processing techniques to broaden their applicability and efficacy in various industrial applications.
Dr. Debalina holds a Ph.D. in Metallurgical & Materials Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras (IITM), attained in 2013. Prior to this, she has completed M.Sc. in Materials Science from Anna University, Chennai, in 2006. Her academic journey began with B.Sc. in Physics from Madras University, Chennai, in 2004. Since May 2022, she has served as an Associate Professor in the Department of Physics at MVJ College of Engineering, Bangalore. From December 2015 to May 2017, Dr Debalina held the position of Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering at the National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Surathkal. Additionally, she has served as a Senior Project Officer at the National Centre for Combustion Research and Development, IIT Madras, and held the role of Post-Doctoral Fellow at IIT Madras. Throughout her career, she has published numerous research articles in prestigious international journals. Her research work encompasses a diverse range of topics including nano-material synthesis, tribology, and waste recycling. Her research work is focused mainly on two topics, which are detailed below:
Nano composites offer unique properties that can be tailored by adjusting the composition, size, and distribution of the nanostructures within the matrix. Some potential advantages of nano composites include enhanced mechanical strength, improved electrical conductivity, increased thermal stability, and enhanced optical properties. These materials find applications in various fields including electronics, aerospace, automotive, biomedical engineering, and environmental remediation, among others. Examples of nano composites include carbon nanotube-reinforced polymers, graphene oxide-based materials, and metal nanoparticle-doped ceramics.
Synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials represent crucial stages in the development of advanced materials with tailored properties at the nanoscale. The synthesis process involves the creation of nanoparticles using various methods such as chemical precipitation, sol-gel synthesis, and template-assisted techniques. These methods allow for precise control over factors like particle size, shape, and composition, enabling the production of nanomaterials with specific properties suited for diverse applications. Following synthesis, rigorous characterization is essential to understand and optimize the nanomaterials’ structural, chemical, and physical properties. Techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and spectroscopic analysis provide valuable insights into nanoparticle morphology, crystallinity, and chemical composition.
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